History of Brazil since 1985
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History of Brazil since 1985
Several brief interim governments succeeded after Vargas's suicide.[96] Juscelino Kubitscheck became president in 1956 and assumed a conciliatory posture towards the political opposition that allowed him to govern without major crises.[97] The economy and industrial sector grew remarkably,[98] but his greatest achievement was the construction of the new capital city of Brasília, inaugurated in 1960.[99] His successor was Jânio Quadros, who resigned in 1961 less than a year after taking office.[100] His vice-president, João Goulart, assumed the presidency, but aroused strong political opposition[101] and was deposed in April 1964 by a coup that resulted in a military regime.[102]
The new regime was intended to be transitory[103] but it gradually closed in on itself and became a full dictatorship with the promulgation of the Fifth Institutional Act in 1968.[104] The repression of the dictatorship's opponents, including urban guerrillas,[105] was harsh, but not as brutal as in other Latin American countries.[106] Due to the extraordinary economic growth, known as an "economic miracle", the regime reached its highest level of popularity in the years of repression.[107]
The transition from Fernando Henrique Cardoso to Luís Inácio Lula da Silva revealed that Brazil had finally succeeded in achieving its long-sought political stability.
General Ernesto Geisel became president in 1974 and began his project of re-democratization through a process that he said would be "slow, gradual and safe."[108][109] Geisel ended the military indiscipline that had plagued the country since 1889,[110] as well as the torture of political prisoners, censorship of the press,[111] and finally, the dictatorship itself, after he extinguished the Fifth Institutional Act.[104] However, the military regime continued, under his chosen successor General João Figueiredo, to complete the transition to full democracy.[112]
The civilians fully returned to power in 1985 when José Sarney assumed the presidency[113] but, by the end of his term, he had become extremely unpopular due to the uncontrollable economic crisis and unusually high inflation.[114] Sarney's unsuccessful government allowed the election in 1989 of the almost unknown Fernando Collor, who was subsequently impeached by the National Congress in 1992.[115] Collor was succeeded by his Vice-President Itamar Franco, who appointed Fernando Henrique Cardoso as Minister of Finance.
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The new regime was intended to be transitory[103] but it gradually closed in on itself and became a full dictatorship with the promulgation of the Fifth Institutional Act in 1968.[104] The repression of the dictatorship's opponents, including urban guerrillas,[105] was harsh, but not as brutal as in other Latin American countries.[106] Due to the extraordinary economic growth, known as an "economic miracle", the regime reached its highest level of popularity in the years of repression.[107]
The transition from Fernando Henrique Cardoso to Luís Inácio Lula da Silva revealed that Brazil had finally succeeded in achieving its long-sought political stability.
General Ernesto Geisel became president in 1974 and began his project of re-democratization through a process that he said would be "slow, gradual and safe."[108][109] Geisel ended the military indiscipline that had plagued the country since 1889,[110] as well as the torture of political prisoners, censorship of the press,[111] and finally, the dictatorship itself, after he extinguished the Fifth Institutional Act.[104] However, the military regime continued, under his chosen successor General João Figueiredo, to complete the transition to full democracy.[112]
The civilians fully returned to power in 1985 when José Sarney assumed the presidency[113] but, by the end of his term, he had become extremely unpopular due to the uncontrollable economic crisis and unusually high inflation.[114] Sarney's unsuccessful government allowed the election in 1989 of the almost unknown Fernando Collor, who was subsequently impeached by the National Congress in 1992.[115] Collor was succeeded by his Vice-President Itamar Franco, who appointed Fernando Henrique Cardoso as Minister of Finance.
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